Assessing Temperament Risk Factors in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Development and Validation of the Integrative Late Childhood Temperament Inventory.

Childhood temperament has a well-documented influence on later life outcomes, notably behavior problems, quality of interpersonal relationships, and academic achievement. However, there is at present a lack of brief measures that assess temperament characteristics which are represented across models of temperament in the late childhood and early adolescence period. To redress this gap, the aim of the current study was to develop and validate a short questionnaire that extends an earlier integrative measure of temperament, the Integrative Child Temperament Inventory (ICTI) to the late childhood period. The new measure (named Integrative Late Childhood Temperament Inventory, ILCTI) includes all five components of the ICTI (frustration, behavioral inhibition, attention/persistence, activity level, sensory sensitivity), plus affiliation. German- or English-speaking parents rated a total of 525 children, aged 8 to 14 years. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the predicted structure of the new measure. Examination of fit indices and psychometric analyses showed that 24 items are sufficient to capture all six dimensions reliably. Next to convergent validity with established measures of temperament and personality, we also present analyses of associations with measures of externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and school failure all of which support the instrument's clinical utility. Thus, despite its brevity, the ILCTI is a reliable and valid measure of late childhood temperament that can be helpful in assessing risk of developing behavior problems or school failure.

Premorbid intelligence quotient and school failure as risk markers for bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

Mood disorders significantly impact global health, with MDD ranking as the second leading cause of disability in the United States and BD ranking 18th. Despite their prevalence and impact, the relationship between premorbid intelligence and the subsequent development of BD and MDD remains inconclusive. This study investigates the potential of premorbid Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and school failure frequency as risk factors for Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in a birth cohort setting. We analyze data from the Pelotas population-based birth cohort study, comprising 3580 participants aged 22, who had no prior mood disorder diagnoses. Utilizing regression models and accounting for potential confounders, we assess the impact of IQ and school failure, measured at age 18, on the emergence of BD and MDD diagnoses at age 22, using individuals without mood disorders as comparators. Results reveal that lower IQ (below 70) at 18 is associated with an increased risk of BD (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.75, 95%CI: 1.00-3.09, p < 0.05), while higher IQ (above 120) is linked to MDD (AOR 2.16, 95%CI: 1.24-3.75, p < 0.001). Moreover, an elevated number of school failures is associated with increased BD risk (AOR 1.23, 95%CI: 1.11-1.41, p < 0.001), particularly for BD type 1 (AOR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.17-1.58, p < 0.001). These findings offer insights into the distinct premorbid intellectual characteristics of BD and MDD and contribute to a deeper understanding of their developmental trajectories, potentially informing the development of risk assessment tools for mood disorders.

Análise de uma intervenção por meio de jogos em crianças com história de insucesso escolar / Analysis of an intervention conducted through games with children with school failure history / Análisis de una intervención a través de juegos en niños con antecedentes de fracaso escolar

O insucesso escolar no ensino fundamental brasileiro tem sido objeto de pesquisas e é motivo de preocupação de todos os profissionais que trabalham na área. Neste sentido, o artigo apresenta resultados da pesquisa que teve como objetivo investigar se as intervenções mediadas no jogo com regras explícitas são capazes de desenvolver as funções psicológicas superiores (FPS) e se melhoram o desempenho escolar das crianças com histórico de insucesso escolar. A pesquisa teve como base a Psicologia histórico-cultural, princi-palmente nas ideias de Vygotsky, Elkonin e Leontiev. O método adotado foi o qualitativo, consistiu em uma intervenção, realizada em quatro crianças, entre 7 e 10 anos de idade, estruturada em três etapas: avaliação inicial, intervenção mediada por jogos e avaliação final. Nas avaliações foram utili-zados dois instrumentos: o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE), aplicado no grupo de crianças e com a família e professores foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os encontros foram gravados e transcritos e as observações anotadas em diário de campo. A técnica de análise dos dados foi de conteúdo do tipo temática e microgenética. Os resultados evidenciaram que o jogo desenvolve as FPS e modifica o desempenho escolar. Conclui-se que o jogo com regras explícitas é um bom mediador entre aprendizagem e desenvolvimento em crianças que apresentam trajetórias de insucesso escolar.

School failure in Brazilian elementary education has been the subject of several studies and it is a matter of concern for all professionals working in this field. This study presents the results of a research that aimed to investigate whether mediated interventions in playing games with explicit rules develop higher psychological functions (HPF) and if they improve school performance of chil-dren with school failure history. The research was based on cultural-historical psychology, mainly on the ideas of Vygotsky, Elkonin and Leontiev. The chosen method was qualitative and consisted of an intervention, applied on four chil-dren between 7 and 10 years old, structured in three stages: initial assessment, intervention mediated by games and final assessment. In the assessments, the School Achievement Test was applied on the children and semi-structured inter-views were conducted with families and teachers. The meetings were recorded and transcribed and the observations were recorded in a field diary. The data analysis methods used were the thematic and microgenetic techniques. The results showed that games develop HPF and modify school performance. It is concluded that games with explicit rules are good mediators between learning and development in children who present school failure trajectories.

El fracaso escolar en la educación primaria brasileña ha sido objeto de investi-gación y es motivo de preocupación para todos los profesionales que trabajan en esta área. El artículo presenta resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo investigar si el juego con reglas explícitas en intervenciones mediadas desarrolla funciones psicológicas superiores (FPS) y se mejora el desempeño escolar de los niños con antecedentes de fracaso escolar. La inves-tigación se basa en la psicología histórico-cultural, principalmente en las ideas de Vygotsky, Elkonin y Leontiev. El método es cualitativo, consiste en una intervención, realizada con cuatro niños entre 7 y 10 años, estructurada en tres etapas: evaluación inicial, intervención mediada por el juego y evaluación final. En las evaluaciones se utilizaron dos instrumentos: con los niños, el Test de Desempeño Escolar (TDE) y entrevistas semiestructuradas con la familia y los maestros. Las reuniones fueron grabadas y transcritas y las observaciones fueron registradas en un diario de campo. La técnica de análisis de datos fue de contenido, temática y microgenética. Los resultados mostraron que el juego desarrolla FPS y modifica el rendimiento escolar. Se concluye que el juego con reglas explícitas es un buen mediador entre el aprendizaje y el desarrollo en niños que presentan trayectorias de fracaso escolar.

Hospital School Program: The Right to Education for Long-Term Care Children.

Education and health are two inseparable aspects of a single dynamic which aims to support and increase the physical and mental well-being of children and young people. Children must be guaranteed two rights: the right to study and the right to health. Schools capable of reconciling these two fundamental needs are represented by school in hospital and home schooling. Thanks to this flexible teaching method, it is possible to support the child and his or her family during hospitalization, and to prevent consequences such as school failure and dropout. Hospitalization is always a traumatic event for children, in which white coats are unknown figures, perceived all the more threatening the younger the child: a threat to one's integrity, loss of autonomy, distorted perception of time, loss of confidence, and a sense of abandonment. Therefore, it is important to create a communicative basis that facilitates the child's adaptation to the new hospital environment and establishes continuity during this period of time. Teachers play a significant role within the context of such difficulties. They need to understand patients' emotions and act as a bridge between the small inpatient room of the child and the outside world. In this article we examined: (1) the School in Hospital and the reasons why it is a valid resource for the psychophysical rehabilitation of the student in a hospital; (2) the role of the teacher in hospital and the difficult context in which the teacher has to work; and (3) how the school in hospital was challenged by the SARS-CoV2 pandemic.

Caracterização de clientela de atendimento psicopedagógico da rede pública de Barueri / Characterization of clientele of psychopedagogical assistance from the public Barueri network

Este artigo apresenta resultado de estudo retrospectivo desenvolvido com o objetivo de traçar o perfil de clientela atendida no ano de 2019 no atendimento psicopedagógico disponível na rede pública municipal de Barueri, SP. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado o banco de informações disponibilizado pelo Departamento Educacional Especializado da Secretaria de Educação de Barueri, o qual contém informações advindas de 335 prontuários referentes aos alunos atendidos. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com a estatística descritiva simples. O estudo demonstrou que a população atendida era predominantemente do sexo masculino (68,65%), sendo sua maior parcela alunos oriundos dos 3º e 5º anos do Ensino Fundamental, provenientes de famílias de baixa renda e moradoras de bairros periféricos. Em relação ao processo de aprendizagem destes alunos, a modalidade de aprendizagem patológica predominante foi a hipoassimilação-hiperacomodação (49%), sendo que 80% do total dos alunos possuía nível cognitivo abaixo do esperado para a faixa etária e 50% não se encontrava plenamente alfabetizada. Concluiu-se que os problemas de aprendizagem estão relacionados a fatores emocionais, pedagógicos e socioeconômicos (desigualdade social), bem como que o fracasso escolar é uma realidade para a maior parte do público encaminhado. Políticas públicas devem ser desenvolvidas para minimizar estes fatores.

This article presents the result of a retrospective study developed with the objective of tracing the profile of the clientele served in 2019 in the psychopedagogical service available in the municipal public network of Barueri, São Paulo state. For data collection, the information bank provided by the Specialized Educational Department of the Education Secretariat of Barueri was used, which contains information from 335 records referring to the students served. The data were analyzed according to simple descriptive statistics. The study showed that the population served was predominantly male (68.65%), with the largest portion being students from the 3rd and 5th years of elementary school, from low-income families and residents of peripheral neighborhoods. In relation to the learning process of these students, the predominant pathological learning modality was hypoassimilation-hyperaccommodation (49%), with 80% of the total students having a cognitive level below the expected for the age group and 50% were not fully literate. It was concluded that learning problems are related to emotional, pedagogical and socioeconomic factors (social inequality), as well as that school failure is a reality for most of the referred public. Public policies must be developed to minimize these factors.

The Effect of School Psychologists and Social Workers on School Achievement and Failure: A National Multilevel Study in Chile.

School achievement and failure have become growing political and social concerns due to the negative consequences of school failure for individuals and society. The inclusive educational movement, which calls for equal access, permanence, participation, and promotion of all students worldwide, poses many challenges for schools and school systems. As a public policy strategy, some countries have provided additional funds for incorporating non-teaching professionals such as school psychologists and social workers in regular K-12 schools. However, there is lack of research on the effects of these psychosocial professionals on student outcomes. This national multilevel study explored the effect of psychologists (n = 8,469) and social workers (n = 3,524) on indicators of eighth-grade (n = 147,531) and 10th-grade (n = 106,347) students' academic achievement and dropout in Chile. A multilevel secondary analysis was performed using national records of non-teaching professionals working as school staff members, achievement scores on the national SIMCE test, and dropout rates based on official records. Results showed that after controlling for individual and school variables known to affect achievement and dropout, schools with psychologists and social workers working as staff members had lower short- and long-term dropout rates. The presence and higher number of school psychologists per school was positively associated with higher math achievement, with a reduced effect in low-SES schools. Lower-SES schools with more social workers had higher math scores. These results support policies that increase funding for school psychologists and social workers, since their incorporation partly explains better school achievement and less school failure when controlling for individual and school characteristics, but emphasize the need to further explore the mechanisms through which school achievement and failure are developed with the support of psychologists and social workers in schools. We discuss the need to regulate the type of prevention and intervention strategies from a whole-school, evidence-based approach, as well as to incorporate psychosocial training modules and comprehensive guidelines as part of professional training programs and as certified requisites for working in schools.

Borderline intellectual functioning.

Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF), that is to say, tested IQ levels in the range of 70-84/85, is prevalent, affecting about 12%-14% of the population depending on the exact level for "diagnostic" cutoff. In the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, BIF does not have a separate diagnostic category but can be categorized with a V-code. Children and adolescents with BIF usually struggle both as regards school performance and in respect of social functioning. BIF is common in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but sometimes attention problems in schoolchildren with BIF may be a consequence of nonadapted academic demands. Autism and BIF may also coexist, and there are many cases of so-called high-functioning autism who are high functioning only in the sense that they do not meet criteria for intellectual disability, but function in the area of BIF. Currently, too little attention is given to the negative effects of BIF on child development and adaptation. Learning, academic, and behavioral problems and grade retention may be markers of BIF. Our diagnostic and classification manuals need to have specific categories that clarify the problems that BIF entails so that affected individuals can avail themselves of better educational support and understanding.

Concepções de psicólogas/os dos CRAS de Salvador sobre demanda escolar / Conceptions of psychologists from CRAS in Salvador about school demands

O artigo foca nas concepções de psicólogas/os dos Centros de Referência em Assistência Social de Salvador - Ba que recebem demandas escolares. O estudo faz parte de uma ampla pesquisa de Viégas (2013; 2014; 2016) que identificou a insuficiência de psicólogas/os atuando no campo da educação e encaminhamentos dirigidos a outros serviços públicos que dispõem de atendimento psicológico. O estudo utilizou o método qualitativo, entrevistas semiestruturadas com seis profissionais de psicologia que atuam nos CRAS. As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas através da articulação de seus conteúdos com os estudos da educação e a construção do espaço das/os psicólogas/os na assistência social considerando as questões envolvidas nessa política pública. Os resultados apontam a necessidade de ampliação das concepções/visões dos profissionais, da construção de novas referências técnicas e o desenvolvimento de ideias, políticas e estratégias para atuação frente a essas demandas. Tais mudanças nas concepções podem promover melhorias nas suas práticas no atendimento de queixas encaminhadas pelas escolas.

The article focuses on the conceptions of psychologists from the Reference Centers in Social Assistance (Centros de Referência em Assistência Social ­ CRAS) in Salvador, state of Bahia, who receive school demands. The study is part of an extensive research by Viégas (2013; 2014; 2016) that identified the insufficiency of psychologists working in the field of education and referrals directed to other public services that have psychological assistance. The study used the qualitative method, semi-structured interviews with six psychology professionals who work at CRAS. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed through the articulation of their contents with education studies and the construction of the psychologists' space in social assistance, considering the issues involved in this public policy. The results also point a clear need to expand the conceptions / views of professionals, the construction of new technical references and the development of ideas, policies and strategies to act in the face of these demands. Such changes in conceptions can promote improvements in their practices in handling complaints submitted by schools.

Distúrbios de aprendizagem e fracasso escolar na visão de professores e licenciandos / Learning disorders and school failure in the view of teachers and graduates / Distúrbios de aprendizaje y fracaso escolar en la visión de docentes y estudiantes universitários

O estudo teve por objetivo conhecer a visão e a prática de professores de ciências e alunos de curso de licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas em relação aos distúrbios de aprendizagem e ao fracasso escolar, de modo a compreender os sentidos e significados construídos por eles em relação à crescente atribuição de responsabilidade biológica ao suposto fracasso no ensino. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, que se utilizou de aplicação de questionário e entrevista semiestruturada com professores de escolas pública e particular e com alunos de um curso de graduação/licenciatura de uma universidade pública. Como resultados, é possível identificar a sobreposição em relação ao entendimento e uso de terminologias como "distúrbios", "problemas" e "dificuldades" de aprendizagem, sendo utilizadas pelos professores e estudantes participantes da pesquisa, como sinônimos para designar um processo análogo. Verificou-se a atribuição de causa biológica a qualquer dificuldade ou problema de aprendizado do aluno, ainda que a causa seja, de fato, devido a fatores sociais ou psicológicos. Evidenciou-se o despreparo para com a realização do diagnóstico, bem como desconhecimento em relação às formas de se fazer, atribuindo esse papel a outros profissionais que acreditam estar mais preparados para lidar com esses casos, considerando-se que o tratamento medicamentoso possa ser o mais efetivo. Desse modo, os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância de investigações e elucidações mais profundas a respeito do cotidiano escolar no que se refere às questões atreladas ao processo ensino-aprendizagem e à crescente medicalização de crianças e adolescentes.

The purpose of this study was to understand the vision and practice of science teachers and students of a licentiate degree course in Biological Sciences in relation to learning disorders and school failure, in order to understand the senses and meanings they constructed in relation to the increasing attribution of biological responsibility to the supposed school failure. It is a qualitative research, in which was used a questionnaire application and a semi-structured interview with public and private school teachers and with students of a undergraduate/licentiate course from a public university. As results it is possible to identify the overlap in terms of understanding and use of terminologies such as "disturbs", "problems" and "difficulties" of learning, by teachers and students participating in the research, as synonyms to designate the same process. The attribution of biological cause to any difficulty or learning problem of the student has been verified, even if the cause is, in fact, due to social or psychological factors. The lack of preparation for diagnosis was evidenciated, as well as lack of knowledge about the ways of doing it, attributing this role to other professionals who believe that they are better prepared to assist these cases, considering that drug treatment may be the most effective. Thus, the results obtained demonstrate the importance of investigations and more profound elucidations about the school daily life in relation to the issues linked with the teaching-learning process and the increasing medicalization of children and adolescents.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la visión y la práctica de los profesores de ciencias y los estudiantes de la licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas en relación a los trastornos de aprendizaje y fracaso escolar, con el fin de comprender los significados construidos por ellos en relación al crecente aumento de la asignación de la responsabilidad biológica al supuesto fracaso en la enseñanza. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, en la cual se utilizo la aplicación de cuestionarios y entrevistas semiestructuradas a maestros de escuelas públicas y privadas y a estudiantes en un curso de grado / licenciatura de una universidad pública. Como resultado, es posible identificar la superposición en relación con la comprensión y el uso de terminología como "trastornos", "problemas" y "dificultades" de aprendizaje, siendo utilizados por los profesores y estudiantes que participaron de la encuesta, indistintamente para describir un mismo proceso. Se encontró la asignación de causa biológica a cualquier dificultad o problema de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, aun que la causa sea de hecho, debido a factores sociales o psicológicos. La falta de preparación para realización de diagnóstico se hizo evidente, así como el desconocimiento de formas de hacer, asignando ese papel a otros profesionales que creen estar mejor preparados para hacer frente a estos casos, teniendo en cuenta que el tratamiento farmacológico puede ser más eficaz. Por lo tanto, los resultados demuestran la importancia investigaciones y mejores esclarecimiento sobre el cotidiano de la escuela cuando se trata de cuestiones relacionadas al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y la creciente medicalización de niños y adolescentes.

Intervening on the Developmental Course of Children With Borderline Intellectual Functioning With a Multimodal Intervention: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

An adverse social environment is a major risk factor for borderline intellectual functioning (BIF), a condition characterized by an intelligence quotient (IQ) within the low range of normality (70-85) with difficulties in the academic achievements and adaptive behavior. Children with BIF show impairments in planning, language, movement, emotion regulation, and social abilities. Moreover, the BIF condition exposes children to an increased risk of school failures and the development of mental health problems, and poverty in adulthood. Thus, an early and effective intervention capable of improving the neurodevelopmental trajectory of children with BIF is of great relevance. AIM: The present work aims to report the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which an intensive, integrated and innovative intervention, the movement cognition and narration of the emotions (MCNT) was compared to standard speech therapy (SST) for the treatment of children with BIF. METHODS: This was a multicenter, interventional, single blind RCT with two groups of children with BIF: the experimental treatment (MCNT) and the treatment as usual (SST). A mixed factorial ANOVA was carried out to assess differences in the effectiveness between treatments. Primary outcome measures were: WISC III, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Vineland II, and Movement ABC. RESULTS: MCNT proved to be more effective than SST in the increment of full-scale IQ (p = 0.0220), performance IQ (p < 0.0150), socialization abilities (p = 0.0220), and behavior (p = 0.0016). No improvement was observed in motor abilities. Both treatments were linked to improvements in verbal memory, selective attention, planning, and language comprehension. Finally, children in the SST group showed a significant worsening in their behavior. CONCLUSION: Our data show that an intensive and multimodal treatment is more effective than a single domain treatment for improving intellectual, adaptive and behavioral functioning in children with BIF. These improvements are relevant as they might represent protective factors against the risk of school failure, poverty and psychopathology to which children with BIF are exposed in the adult age. Limitations of the study are represented by the small number of subjects and the lack of a no-treatment group. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry (isrctn.com), identifier ISRCTN81710297.

O discurso meritocrático nas explicações parentais de crianças com queixa escolar / Meritocratic discourse in explanations provided by parents of children with school complaints / El discurso meritocrático en las explicaciones parentales de niños con queja escolar

Resumo O artigo discute a leitura meritocrática do fracasso escolar e mapeia sua emergência no discurso de participantes de um programa de extensão universitária que atende crianças com queixa escolar. Indaga-se a dimensão social do discurso sobre dificuldades de aprendizagem explorando e comparando de que modo esta ressoa nas tramas significantes de crianças e adultos. Foram analisadas 128 fichas de inscrição onde os sujeitos assinalaram o motivo da demanda de atendimento. Com base em análise qualitativa e quantitativa (não estatística) das produções discursivas, reflete-se acerca da coconstrução dos sentidos da queixa escolar. Os resultados mostram que, diferentemente dos motivos infantis, o discurso causal dos adultos tende a ser individualizante, o que se expressa na responsabilização da criança pelo "não aprender" justificada, predominantemente, por problemas de concentração e atenção. Concluiu-se que esses dados são coerentes com a atual lógica fragmentadora oriunda do crescente fenômeno da medicalização da infância, que desloca o conflito escolar para o âmbito da saúde mental.

Abstract This paper discusses the meritocratic interpretation of school failure and maps its emergence in the discourse of participants in a university extension program that serves children with school complaints. The social dimension of the discourse about learning difficulties is explored by comparing how this resonates in the significant narratives of children and adults. A total of 128 registration forms recorded their reason for the demand of a clinical care and were subsequently analyzed. Based on a qualitative/quantitative (non-statistical) analysis of discursive expression, this paper reflects on the co-construction of meanings present in school complaints. The results show that, unlike children's motives, the causal discourse of adults tends to be individualizing, which is expressed in the child's accountability for "not learning" being justified, predominantly, by problems of concentration and attention. These data are consistent with the current fragmented logic stemming from the growing phenomenon of childhood medicalization that shifts the school conflict to the mental health field.

Resumen El artículo discute la lectura meritocrática del fracaso escolar y traza su emergencia en el discurso de participantes de un programa de extensión universitario que atiende a niños con queja escolar. Se indaga la dimensión social del discurso sobre dificultades de aprendizaje explorando y comparando de qué modo resuena en las tramas significantes de niños y adultos. Se analizaron 128 fichas de inscripción en las cuales los sujetos indicaron la razón de la demanda de atención. Con base en el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo (no estadístico) de las producciones discursivas, se reflexiona acerca de la coconstrucción de los sentidos de la queja escolar. Los resultados muestran que, diferentemente de razones infantiles, el discurso causal de los adultos tiende a ser individualizante, lo que se expresa en la responsabilización del niño por su "no aprendizaje" justificada predominantemente por problemas de concentración y atención. Se concluye que esos datos son coherentes con la actual lógica fragmentaria que proviene del creciente fenómeno de medicalización de la infancia, que traslada el conflicto escolar para el ámbito de la salud mental.

Fracasso escolar: naturalização ou construção histórico-cultural? / School failure: naturalization or historical- cultural construction?

O estudo objetiva investigar se o fracasso escolar continua sendo naturalizado. Para isso foi traçado o perfil social, educacional, emocional e neurológico de crianças atendidas no Projeto de Extensão "Avaliação e Intervenção em crianças com história de Fracasso Escolar", desenvolvido em um Ambulatório de Neurodesenvolvimento. Foram analisados os prontuários de 13 crianças; utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSSe análise temática. Verificou-se que as crianças apresentaram uma média de 10,3 anos, sendo a maior parte meninos (84,6%). A maioria (61,5%) com queixas relacionadas a problemas de aprendizagem e comportamento e fazendo uso de psicoestimulantes. As características são compatíveis com outros estudos realizados em instituições como clínicas-escola de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Constatou-se que os alunos ainda são responsabilizados pelo fracasso, atribuindo-se a este um caráter biológico, naturalizado, que, portanto, precisa ser medicalizado. Evidencia-se a necessidade da realização de estudos que investiguem como se produz a queixa do fracasso escolar. (AU)

This study aimed to investigate whether school failure is still naturalized. For such, the social, educational, emotional and neurological profiles of children attended to by the Extension Project "Assessment and Intervention in Children with School Failure history", developed at a Neurodevelopment Clinic, were outlined. The medical records of 13 children were analyzed, and the SPSS Statistics 22.0 software was used. The children averaged 10.3 years, most of whom (84.6%) were male. Most children (61.5%) had complaints related to learning and behavioral problems and were prescribed psychostimulants. The population covered by the project showed characteristics which were consistent with those described by other studies in institutions such as school clinics in different parts of Brazil. It was also found that students are still held responsible for failure, to which a biological character has been attributed, hence the need for medicalization. This research demonstrated the need for further studies to investigate how school failure complaints are established. (AU)

Recurrent Pain and Academic Achievement in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review.

Recurrent pain and school failures are common problems in children visiting the school nurses office. The overall aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between recurrent pain and academic achievement in school-aged children. Literature was searched in seven electronic databases and in relevant bibliographies. Study selection, data extraction, and study and evidence quality assessments were performed systematically with standardized tools. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria and 13 verified an association between recurrent pain (headache, stomachache, and musculoskeletal pain) and negative academic achievement. Two longitudinal studies indicated a likely causal effect of pain on academic achievement. All studies had substantial methodological drawbacks and the overall quality of the evidence for the identified associations was low. Thus, children's lack of success in school may be partly attributed to recurrent pain problems. However, more high-quality studies are needed, including on the direction of the association and its moderators and mediators.

Jogos e intervenções grupais no atendimento de crianças com dificuldades escolares / Games and group interventions to attend children with school difficulties / Juegos e intervenciones grupales para atender niños con dificultades escolares

O artigo discute a relevância da utilização de jogos no contexto do atendimento de crianças com dificuldades escolares. Estuda seu potencial como instrumento de observação e de intervenção sustentando-se em duas frentes de análise. Por um lado, examina as contribuições dos jogos de mesa à luz de pesquisas francesas neopiagetianas acerca dos impactos das novas tecnologias no desenvolvimento infantil. Por outro, articula essas discussões com dados oriundos de um Programa de Extensão Universitário destinado a crianças de 7 a 11 anos. O método contemplou a sistematização de 172 protocolos correspondentes a 35 participantes. Os resultados destacam as potencialidades do jogo como instrumento de intervenção, e constatam que o interesse e a persistência, por si sós, não garantem procedimentos satisfatórios na resolução de desafios cognitivos e socioafetivos, ao contrário do que afirma o discurso dos adultos, o qual insiste na falta de esforço e de atenção como causas para as dificuldades escolares.

This paper discusses the relevance of using games to attend children with school difficulties. It studies its potential as an instrument of observation and intervention based on two fronts of analysis. On one hand, it examines the contributions of board games from the French neopiagetian research's view about the impact of new technologies on child development. On the other hand, it articulates these discussions with data from a University Extension Program for children aged 7 to 11 years. The method involved the systematization of 172 protocols corresponding to 35 participants. The results highlight the potentialities of games as an intervention tool, and note that interest and persistence alone do not guarantee satisfactory procedures in the resolution of cognitive and socio-affective challenges, contrary to adult's arguments that insist on lack of effortand attention as causes for school difficulties.

El artículo discute la relevancia de la utilización de juegos en el contexto de atención de niños con dificultades escolares. Estudia su potencial como instrumento de observación e intervención, sustentándose en dos frentes de análisis. Por un lado, examina las contribuciones de los juegos de mesa a la luz de investigaciones francesas neopiagetianas acerca de los impactos de las nuevas tecnologías en el desarrollo infantil. Por otro, articula esas discusiones con datos oriundos de un programa de extensión universitario destinado a niños de 7 a 11 años. El método contempló la sistematización de 172 protocolos correspondientes a 35 participantes. Los resultados destacan las potencialidades del juego como instrumento de intervención y constatan que sólo el interés y la persistencia no garantizan procedimientos satisfactorios para la resolución de desafíos cognitivos y socio-afectivos, al contrario de lo que afirma el discurso de los adultos, que insiste en la falta de esfuerzo y atención como causas para las dificultades escolares.

Características neuro-psicopedagógicas de las dificultades de aprendizaje escolar: un estudio de caso / Neuro-psychopedagogical characteristics of school learning difficulties: a case study

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar las características neuropsicopedagógicas de un niño con dificultades escolares y de comportamiento. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso con un participante de 11 años de edad, quien durante la investigación cursaba el grado quinto de básica primaria en una institución educativa de carácter privado del municipio de Itagüí, Antioquia. Los instrumentos aplicados para la evaluación fueron: el Test Breve de Inteligencia de KAUFMAN (K-BIT), la Batería Psicopedagógica EVALÚA - 5, el Cuestionario de Depresión para Niños (CDS) y una entrevista semiestructurada para padres y docentes, relacionada con los aspectos del desarrollo, el aprendizaje y la conducta del estudiante. Los resultados demostraron que el niño presentaba un coeficiente intelectual dentro de los parámetros normales y las principales dificultades se encontraron en el contexto familiar-social, lo que permitió evidenciar que el rendimiento escolar es el resultado de la interacción de diferentes factores que abarcan componentes cognitivos, del neurodesarrollo, emocionales, familiares y contextuales. Así mismo, se evidenció que las dificultades en el comportamiento asociadas al contexto escolar no siempre están relacionadas con trastornos del aprendizaje o de la conducta. Se hace necesaria la obtención de este tipo de perfiles neuropsicopedagógicos con el fin de establecer rutas de intervención pertinentes y eficaces que incorporen las características cognitivas individuales, los vínculos socio afectivos, el entorno social, escolar, y la dinámica familiar del estudiante.

This article aims to present the neuropsychopedagogical characteristics of a child with school and behavior difficulties. A case study was carried out with an 11-year- old participant, who during the research was studying the fifth grade of elementary school in a private educational institution in the municipality of Itagüí, Antioquia. The instruments applied for the evaluation were: the KAUFMAN Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT), the EVALÚA Psychopedagogical Battery­5, the Depression Questionnaire for Children (CDS) and a semi-structured interview for parents and teachers, related to aspects of development, learning and behavior of the student. The results showed that the child had an IQ within normal parameters and the main difficulties were found in the social family context, which allowed to show that school performance is the result of the interaction of different factors, which include cognitive, neurodevelopmental, emotional, family and contextual components. It was also evidenced that behavioral difficulties associated with the school context are not always related to learning or conduct disorders. Obtaining this type of neuropsychopedagogical profiles is necessary in order to establish relevant and effective intervention routes, which incorporate individual cognitive characteristics, socio-affective ties, the social and school environment and the student's family dynamics.

Fracasso escolar e conselho tutelar: um estudo sobre os caminhos da queixa escolar / Fracaso escolar y consejo tutelar: un estudio sobre los caminos de la queja escolar / School Failure and guardianship Council: A Study on the Paths of School Complaints

Este artigo decorre de pesquisa realizada sobre os caminhos percorridos pela queixa escolar no Sistema de Garantia de Direitos de Crianças Adolescentes - SGD. O objetivo foi investigar as queixas levadas ao Conselho Tutelar e seus respectivos encaminhamentos. A pesquisa foi realizada no ano de 2017 em quatro Conselhos Tutelares de uma das comarcas da região Oeste do Paraná, e tem como referencial teórico-metodológico a Psicologia Escolar e Educacional de base histórico-crítica. Seu delineamento foi de cunho quantitativo e qualitativo, com a adoção de análise documental e entrevistas realizadas com conselheiros tutelares. Observarmos que a maior demanda dos conselhos tutelares provém da educação, havendo um número significativo de queixas escolares, as quais são encaminhadas a outros setores como Assistência Social, Saúde, Ministério Público e Poder Judiciário. Os motivos dos encaminhamentos nos permitiram aprofundar a compreensão acerca das respostas dadas à queixa escolar e esboçar alternativas para o enfrentamento do fracasso escolar.

Este artículo proviene de una investigación realizada sobre los caminos recorridos por la queja escolar en el Sistema de Garantía de Derechos de Niños Adolescentes - SGD. El objetivo fue investigar las quejas llevadas al Consejo Tutelar y sus respectivos encaminamientos. La investigación fue realizada en el año 2017 en cuatro Consejos Tutelares de una de las comarcas de la región Oeste de Paraná, y tiene como referencial teórico-metodológico la Psicología Escolar y Educacional de base histórico-crítica. Su delineamiento fue de cuño cuantitativo y cualitativo, con la adopción de análisis documental y entrevistas realizadas con consejeros tutelares. Se percibió que la mayor demanda de los consejos tutelares proviene de la educación, habiendo un número significativo de quejas escolares, las cuales son encaminadas a otros sectores como Asistencia Social, Salud, Ministerio Público y Poder Judiciario. Los motivos de los encaminamientos permitieron a nosotros profundizar la comprensión acerca de las respuestas dadas a la queja escolar y dibujar alternativas para el enfrentamiento del fracaso escolar.

This article is the result of research conducted on the paths taken by the school complaint in the Guarantee System for the Rights of Children and Adolescents, or "Sistema de Garantia de Direitos de Crianças e Adolescentes - SGD". The objective was to investigate the complaints brought to the Guardianship Council and their referrals.The research was conducted in 2017 in four Guardianship Councils of one of the regions of Western Paraná, and takes School and Educational Psychology of historical-critical basisas a theoretical-methodological framework. It was a research of quantitative and qualitative nature, with the adoption of document analysis and interviews with tutelary councilors. Most requests for support by guardianship councils come from education institutions. There is a significant number of complaints from schools, which are then referred to other sectors such as Social Assistance, Health, Public Prosecution and the Judiciary branch.The reasons for the referrals allowed us to deepen our understanding of responses to school complaints and to outline alternatives for coping with school failure.

Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: Hábitos de estudio / Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Study habits

El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos más prevalentes en la población infanto-juvenil, con un impacto ya conocido sobre el aprendizaje y rendimiento escolar. La falta de atención, la disfunción ejecutiva asociada y los problemas comórbidos -particularmente los relacionados con el aprendizaje y la ansiedad-, condicionan marcadamente este dominio conceptual. Los jóvenes afectos, tienen más problemas para la toma de apuntes, finalización de trabajos, programación escolar y menor motivación al estudio. A pesar de una mayor dedicación al estudio y mayor uso de recursos de apoyo, el fracaso escolar y la no consecución de objetivos curriculares son más frecuentes en estos pacientes. El diagnóstico temprano del TDAH y sus comorbilidades, la intervención psicoeducativa y farmacológica adecuada e individualizada, han demostrado mejorar el pronóstico académico a corto y largo plazo. Para este propósito, es imprescindible la participación activa de profesionales de la salud y la educación.

Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in the child-youth population, with a known impact on learning and school performance. Lack of attention, associated executive dysfunction and comorbid problems -particularly those related to learning and anxiety-, strongly determine this conceptual domain. Affected youths have more problems for taking notes, completion of homework, school programming and less motivation to study. Despite greater dedication to homework and greater use of support resources, school failure and non-achievement of curricular objectives are more frequent in these patients. The early diagnosis of ADHD and its comorbidities, the adequate and individualized psychoeducational and pharmacological intervention, have been shown to improve academic prognosis in the short and long term. For this purpose, the active participation of health and education professionals is essential.

Construção Social do Fracasso Escolar das Adolescentes em Conflito com a Lei / Social Construction of School Failure of Adolescents in Conflict with the Law / Construcción Social del Fracaso Escolar de las Adolescentes en Conflicto con la Ley

Este artigo apresenta um recorte teórico-metodológico da pesquisa de mestrado realizada com oito adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa em uma unidade socioeducativa do Distrito Federal. Esse estudo privilegiou a concepção psicanalítica sobre a adolescência na relação com condutas infracionais e a discussão sobre a necessidade de subjetivação política de adolescentes. Objetivou-se compreender a construção do fracasso escolar na vida das adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa. As participantes tinham de 16 a 19 anos de idade. A metodologia qualitativa ancorada em ressupostos psicanalíticos, utilizou-se de grupos de discussão e entrevistas individuais. Para análise do material recorreu-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2011). Os resultados mostram que as adolescentes tiveram um histórico escolar de exclusão e autoexclusão. A discussão evidencia a necessidade tanto da escola como das unidades socioeducativas visarem um trabalho de subjetivação política, para assim, as adolescentes encontrarem pela via do coletivo, formas de reivindicação fora da criminalidade....(AU)

This article presents a theoretical-methodological study of the master's research carried out with eight teenagers in compliance with socio-educational measures in a socioeducational unit of the Federal District. This study privileged the psychoanalytic conception about adolescence in the relation with conduct infractions and the discussion about the necessityof political subjectivation of adolescents. This study aimed to understand the construction of school failure in the life of teenagers in compliance with socio-educational measures. Participants were 16 to 19 years old. The qualitative methodology anchored in psychoanalytical assumptions was used for discussion groups and individual interviews. For the analysis of the material, we used the content analysis of Bardin (2011). The results show that the adolescents had a school history of exclusion and self-exclusion. The discussion highlights the need both for the school and for the socio-educational units to aim at a work of political subjectivation, so that adolescents find, through the collective way, forms of claims outside of criminality....(AU)

Este artículo presenta un recorte teórico-metodológico de la investigación de maestría realizada con ocho niñas en cumplimiento de medida socioeducativa en una unidad socioeducativa del Distrito Federal. Este estudio privilegió la concepción psicoanalítica sobre la adolescencia en la relación con conductas infractoras y la discusión sobre la necesidad de subjetivación política de adolescentes. Se objetivó comprender la construcción del fracaso escolar en la vida de las adolescentes en cumplimiento de medida socioeducativa.Las participantes tenían entre 16 y 19 años de edad. La metodología cualitativa anclada en supuestos psicoanalíticos, se utilizó de grupos de discusión y entrevistas individuales. Para el análisis del material se utilizó el análisis de contenido de Bardin (2011). Los resultados muestran que las adolescentes tuvieron un historial escolar de exclusión y autoexclusión. La discusión evidencia la necesidad tanto de la escuela y de las unidades socioeducativas para un trabajo de subjetivación política, para así, que las adolescentes encuentren por la vía de lo colectivo, formas de reivindicación fuera de la criminalidad....(AU)

[Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Study habits]. / Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad. Hábitos de estudio.

Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in the child-youth population, with a known impact on learning and school performance. Lack of attention, associated executive dysfunction and comorbid problems -particularly those related to learning and anxiety-, strongly determine this conceptual domain. Affected youths have more problems for taking notes, completion of homework, school programming and less motivation to study. Despite greater dedication to homework and greater use of support resources, school failure and nonachievement of curricular objectives are more frequent in these patients. The early diagnosis of ADHD and its comorbidities, the adequate and individualized psychoeducational and pharmacological intervention, have been shown to improve academic prognosis in the short and long term. For this purpose, the active participation of health and education professionals is essential.

El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos más prevalentes en la población infanto-juvenil, con un impacto ya conocido sobre el aprendizaje y rendimiento escolar. La falta de atención, la disfunción ejecutiva asociada y los problemas comórbidos ­particularmente los relacionados con el aprendizaje y la ansiedad­, condicionan marcadamente este dominio conceptual. Los jóvenes afectos, tienen más problemas para la toma de apuntes, finalización de trabajos, programación escolar y menor motivación al estudio. A pesar de una mayor dedicación al estudio y mayor uso de recursos de apoyo, el fracaso escolar y la no consecución de objetivos curriculares son más frecuentes en estos pacientes. El diagnóstico temprano del TDAH y sus comorbilidades, la intervención psicoeducativa y farmacológica adecuada e individualizada, han demostrado mejorar el pronóstico académico a corto y largo plazo. Para este propósito, es imprescindible la participación activa de profesionales de la salud y la educación.